Annotated Bibliography
Start with the required citation style, then write the annotation to the requested purpose rather than using one universal template. A useful annotation can summarize the source, assess it, and explain how it contributes to a research question without turning into an unrelated mini-essay.
An annotated bibliography combines a citation for each selected source with a short annotation that explains the source’s content and, when the assignment requires it, evaluates its usefulness, credibility, method, or relevance. Citation format and annotation purpose depend on the assignment or discipline.
Key details
Further guidance
Annotation Purpose
Follow the assignment: some annotations mainly summarize, while others require evaluation of authority, evidence, method, bias, or usefulness to the project.
Citation First
Format the bibliographic entry in the required style before drafting the annotation so the source identity and citation mechanics are separated from your commentary.
Selection Check
Explain why the source matters to the research task. Avoid generic praise such as “this is a good source” when you can name the specific evidence, perspective, or limitation.
Worked Example
After an MLA or APA citation, an annotation might briefly state the source’s argument, note that it reports a primary-data study, and explain that its sample limits how broadly the findings can be used.
Sources and evidence
Sources are shown with the role they play in this guide. Historical or style-sensitive claims are kept within the evidence boundary described above.
- Annotated Bibliography Samples (opens in a new tab)Purdue Online Writing Lab · Shows annotation functions such as summarizing, assessing and reflecting on sources and demonstrates how annotations accompany bibliographic entries.
- Referencing (opens in a new tab)UNSW Sydney · Treats annotated bibliography as a distinct academic-referencing task involving summaries, reflections and evaluations for sources, while keeping citation style requirements separate.