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Writing & StyleRule guide

How to Capitalize “Instead Of” in a Title

“instead of” is a multiword expression whose title-case result depends on both style and how that style treats the words inside a phrase. Treat the expression as a phrase span while still applying the chosen style’s rule to each component rather than treating the phrase as one indivisible token.

ReviewedEvidence6 sourcesSectionWriting & Style
Quick answer

APA and Chicago 18: “Instead of” internally. MLA remains phrase-aware and left unresolved in the named converter.

Key details

Phraseinstead of
Rule Familymultiword-preposition-title-case
Termsinstead, of

Important caveats

Automation boundary

If the style requires unresolved grammatical or embedded-title analysis, leave the case unresolved rather than forcing an answer.

Phrase Boundary

Recognizing the phrase is useful, but phrase recognition alone does not override per-word style rules. Treat the expression as a phrase span, then apply the chosen style’s rule to each component.

Further guidance

Practical Application

Treat “instead of” as a recognized phrase, then apply the selected title-case system to its parts. Under APA and Chicago 18 treatment in this project, capitalize “Instead” but lowercase the short preposition “of” internally; keep MLA unresolved where grammatical/style analysis is not deterministic.

Reader Check

Which title-case style is active, and is the phrase internal rather than at a title boundary?

Style Comparison

“Instead” is capitalized as the substantive/adverbial component; the short preposition “of” remains lowercase in APA and Chicago.

Phrase recognition is kept separate from the final MLA decision.

Worked Example

For APA or Chicago 18, write “Working Instead of Waiting.” If the converter cannot safely resolve the MLA case for the phrase in context, leave the result unresolved rather than guessing.

Sources and evidence

Sources are shown with the role they play in this guide. Historical or style-sensitive claims are kept within the evidence boundary described above.

  1. Title case capitalization (opens in a new tab)American Psychological Association · APA title-case rules
  2. What's New in the 18th Edition (opens in a new tab)The Chicago Manual of Style / University of Chicago Press · Chicago 18 title-case terminology and five-letter-preposition change
  3. Headlines and Titles of Works — Chicago Q&A (opens in a new tab)The Chicago Manual of Style / University of Chicago Press · Chicago title-case rules and current-edition updates
  4. How should I capitalize the title of a handout? (opens in a new tab)MLA Style Center / Modern Language Association · MLA title-style capitalization
  5. In MLA style, should any part of a two-word preposition be capitalized in a title? (opens in a new tab)MLA Style Center / Modern Language Association · MLA editorial guidance on internal prepositions in titles
  6. Instead of (opens in a new tab)Cambridge Dictionary · Meaning and grammatical use of instead of

Related guides

Writing & Style

APA Title Case

APA title case capitalizes the first word, the first word of a subtitle, major words, and words of four letters or more while keeping short minor words lowercase in ordinary mid-title positions.

Writing & Style

Chicago Title Case (18th Edition)

Chicago 18 uses title case for titles of works and changed a long-standing rule: prepositions of five letters or more are now capitalized. Shorter prepositions generally remain lowercase internally, while first and last words are capitalized and “to” remains lowercase as an infinitive marker in ordinary mid-title use.

Writing & Style

MLA Title Case

MLA 9 describes title style as capitalizing the first word, last word, and all principal words. MLA’s public Style Center also documents the traditional lowercase treatment of internal prepositions, but its detailed preposition article is edition-labeled for MLA 8, so this engine does not yet treat the full MLA 9 converter profile as complete.

Writing & Style

Prepositions in Title Case

Prepositions are one of the clearest places where title styles diverge. APA uses a four-letter major-word threshold, Chicago 18 capitalizes prepositions of five letters or more, and MLA editorial guidance generally lowercases internal prepositions regardless of length.

Writing & Style

How to Capitalize “Because Of” in a Title

“because of” is a multiword expression whose title-case result depends on both style and how that style treats the words inside a phrase. Treat the expression as a phrase span while still applying the chosen style’s rule to each component rather than treating the phrase as one indivisible token.

Writing & Style

How to Capitalize “Out Of” in a Title

“out of” is a multiword expression whose title-case result depends on both style and how that style treats the words inside a phrase. Treat the expression as a phrase span while still applying the chosen style’s rule to each component rather than treating the phrase as one indivisible token.

Writing & Style

How to Capitalize “According To” in a Title

“according to” is a multiword expression whose title-case result depends on both style and how that style treats the words inside a phrase. Treat the expression as a phrase span while still applying the chosen style’s rule to each component rather than treating the phrase as one indivisible token.

Writing & Style

How to Capitalize “Due To” in a Title

“due to” is a multiword expression whose title-case result depends on both style and how that style treats the words inside a phrase. Treat the expression as a phrase span while still applying the chosen style’s rule to each component rather than treating the phrase as one indivisible token.

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